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Intrinsic causes
for example
|
Extrinsic causes
for example
|
Neuromuscular disease
for example
|
- interstitial fibrosis
- heart failure and lung edema
- pneumonia
- tuberculosis
- pulmonary fibrosis due to radiation or chemotherapy
- pneumothorax
|
- kyphoscoliosis
- extreme obesity
- pregnancy
- space occupying lesion in abdomen
- pain
|
- paralysis of one or both diaphragmatic domes
- muscular dystrophy
- poliomyelitis
- muscle weakness, e.g. due to malnutrition
|